Communicable diseases (malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and others) spread from person to person or via a vector, while non-communicable diseases (NCDs) -- cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease -- are not transmitted and are driven more by behavior, genetics, and environment. According to WHO's World Malaria Report, Nigeria consistently accounts for the largest share of global malaria cases and deaths of any single country, roughly a quarter of the global burden, driven by climate suitability for mosquito vectors, population size, and health system capacity constraints. Globally, the WHO reports that NCDs now cause around 74% of all deaths each year, a dramatic shift from the twentieth century when infectious disease dominated global mortality statistics, meaning health systems in many countries must now manage infectious disease control and chronic disease care simultaneously. This 'double burden' is especially visible in rapidly urbanizing African and Asian economies, where malaria and tuberculosis control remain priorities even as rising rates of diabetes and hypertension, linked partly to changing diets and urban lifestyles, demand parallel investment.