Maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births) and under-5 mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births before age five) are the two headline indicators used to track reproductive and child health, and both were central targets under the Millennium Development Goals and remain so under the Sustainable Development Goals. Skilled birth attendance -- delivery supervised by a trained midwife, nurse, or doctor who can recognize and manage complications like hemorrhage -- is one of the most effective single interventions for reducing maternal deaths, since most maternal deaths occur around the time of delivery and are preventable with timely emergency care. The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding (no other food or liquid, including water) for the first six months of life, because it provides complete nutrition and antibodies that reduce infant infections, with complementary foods introduced alongside continued breastfeeding thereafter. Nigeria is widely cited, alongside countries like India, as one of the largest contributors to the global absolute number of maternal and under-5 deaths, which reflects its large population size as well as persistent gaps in skilled attendance, particularly in rural areas.